在數據庫沒有啟動之前，數據庫內建用戶是無法通過數據庫來驗證身份的。口令文件中存放sysdba/sysoper用戶的用戶名及口令，允許用戶通過口令文件驗證，在數據庫未啟動之前登陸，從而啟動數據庫。如果沒有口令文件，在數據庫未啟動之前就只能通過操作系統認證.使用Rman，很多時候需要在nomount,mount等狀態對數據庫進行處理所以通常要求sysdba權限如果屬於本地DBA組，可以通過操作系統認證登陸如果是遠程sysdba登陸，需要通過passwordfile認證.
1.remote_login_passwordfile = NONE此時停用口令文件驗證，Oracle數據庫不允許遠程SYSDBA/SYSOPER身份登錄無法通過遠程進行數據庫起停等操作管理local:
[oracle@jumper oracle]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production on Thu Apr 15 09:58:45 2004Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.Connected to:Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.3.0 - ProductionWith the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining optionsJServer Release 9.2.0.3.0 - ProductionSQL> alter user sys identified by oracle;User altered.SQL> show parameter passNAME TYPE VALUE--------------------- ----------- ------------------------------remote_login_passwordfile string NONE
remote:
E:\Oracle\ora92\bin>sqlplus /nologSQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:39:22 2004Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as sysdbaERROR:ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
此處實際上是無法通過口令文件驗證
2.remote_login_passwordfile = exclusive
SQL> alter system set remote_login_passwordfile=exclusive scope=spfile;System altered.SQL> startup force;ORACLE instance started.Total System Global Area 131142648 bytesFixed Size 451576 bytesVariable Size 104857600 bytesDatabase Buffers 25165824 bytesRedo Buffers 667648 bytesDatabase mounted.Database opened.SQL> show parameter passNAME TYPE VALUE------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------remote_login_passwordfile string EXCLUSIVESQL> alter user sys identified by oracle;User altered.
remote:
E:\Oracle\ora92\bin>sqlplus /nologSQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:47:11 2004Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as sysdba已連接。SQL> show userUSER 為"SYS"SQL>
這實際上就是通過口令文件驗證登錄的
3.進一步測試如果此時我們刪除passwdfile,sysdba/sysoper將無法認證，也就無法登陸數據庫
Server:
SQL> ![oracle@jumper oracle]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs[oracle@jumper dbs]$ ls orapwhsjforapwhsjf[oracle@jumper dbs]$ mv orapwhsjf orapwhsjf.bak[oracle@jumper dbs]$
Remote:
E:\Oracle\ora92\bin>sqlplus /nologSQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:50:14 2004Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as sysdbaERROR:ORA-01031: insufficient privilegesSQL>
這實際上就是無法通過口令文件驗證身份
4.如果丟失了passwdfile如果使用passwdfile卻意外丟失，此時將不能啟動數據庫
SQL> startup force;ORACLE instance started.Total System Global Area 131142648 bytesFixed Size 451576 bytesVariable Size 104857600 bytesDatabase Buffers 25165824 bytesRedo Buffers 667648 bytesORA-01990: error opening password file '/opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/orapw'ORA-27037: unable to obtain file statusLinux Error: 2: No such file or directoryAdditional information: 3
此時可以通過orapwd重建口令文件來解決此處我們恢復口令文件既可
SQL> ![oracle@jumper oracle]$ mv $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapwhsjf.bak orapwhsjf[oracle@jumper oracle]$ exitexitSQL> alter database open;Database altered.SQL>
大致就是如此.
5. remote_login_passwordfile = shared
我們看一下Oracle9i文檔中的說明:
SHARED
More than one database can use a password file. However, the only user recognized by the password file is SYS.
意思是說多個數據庫可以共享一個口令文件,但是只可以識別一個用戶:SYS
SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;
USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP------------------------------ ----- -----SYS TRUE TRUE
SQL> grant sysdba to eygle;grant sysdba to eygle*ERROR at line 1:ORA-01994: GRANT failed: cannot add users to public password file
SQL> show parameter password
NAME TYPE VALUE------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------remote_login_passwordfile string SHARED
我們看到,此時的口令文件中是不能添加用戶的.
很多人的疑問在於:口令文件的缺省名稱是orapw<sid>,怎麼能夠共享?
實際上是這樣的: Oracle數據庫在啟動時,首先查找的是orapw<sid>的口令文件,如果該文件不存在,則開始查找,orapw的口令文件如果口令文件命名為orapw,多個數據庫就可以共享.
我們看一下測試:
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production on Tue Jul 6 09:40:34 2004Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.Connected to:Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.3.0 - ProductionWith the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining optionsJServer Release 9.2.0.3.0 - ProductionSQL> shutdown immediateDatabase closed.Database dismounted.ORACLE instance shut down.SQL> ![oracle@jumper dbs]$ lshsjf initdw.ora inithsjf.ora init.ora lkHSJF orapwhsjf spfilehsjf.ora[oracle@jumper dbs]$ mv orapwhsjf orapwhsjf.bak[oracle@jumper dbs]$ exitexitSQL> startupORACLE instance started.Total System Global Area 235999908 bytesFixed Size 451236 bytesVariable Size 201326592 bytesDatabase Buffers 33554432 bytesRedo Buffers 667648 bytesORA-01990: error opening password file '/opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/orapw'--這是最後查找的文件ORA-27037: unable to obtain file statusLinux Error: 2: No such file or directoryAdditional information: 3
我們建立orapw口令文件,這時候可以打開數據庫.
SQL> ![oracle@jumper dbs]$ lshsjf initdw.ora inithsjf.ora init.ora lkHSJF orapwhsjf.bak spfilehsjf.ora[oracle@jumper dbs]$ cp orapwhsjf.bak orapw[oracle@jumper dbs]$ exitexitSQL> alter database open;Database altered.SQL> show parameter passwNAME TYPE VALUE------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------remote_login_passwordfile string SHAREDSQL>
那麼你可能會有這樣的疑問,多個Exclusive的數據庫是否可以共享一個口令文件(orapw)呢?
我們繼續這個實驗:
SQL> show parameter password
NAME TYPE VALUE------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------remote_login_passwordfile string SHARED
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ strings orapw]\[ZORACLE Remote Password fileINTERNALAB27B53EDC5FEF418A8F025737A9097A
注意這裡僅記錄著INTERNAL/SYS的口令
REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=EXCLUSIVE 時
SQL> alter system set remote_login_passwordfile=exclusive scope=spfile;
System altered.
SQL> startup force;ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 235999908 bytesFixed Size 451236 bytesVariable Size 201326592 bytesDatabase Buffers 33554432 bytesRedo Buffers 667648 bytesDatabase mounted.Database opened.SQL> ![oracle@jumper bin]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs[oracle@jumper dbs]$ strings orapw]\[ZORACLE Remote Password fileHSJFINTERNALAB27B53EDC5FEF418A8F025737A9097A[oracle@jumper dbs]$ exitexit
注意這裡,以EXCLUSIVE 方式啟動以後,實例名稱信息被寫入口令文件.
此時如果有其他實例以Exclusive模式啟動仍然可以使用這個口令文件,口令文件中的實例名稱同時被改寫.
也就是說,數據庫只在啟動過程中才讀取口令文件,數據庫運行過程中並不鎖定該文件,類似於pfile/spfile文件.
SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;
USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP------------------------------ ----- -----SYS TRUE TRUE
SQL> grant sysdba to eygle;
Grant succeeded.
SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;
USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP------------------------------ ----- -----SYS TRUE TRUEEYGLE TRUE FALSE
SQL> ![oracle@jumper bin]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs[oracle@jumper dbs]$ strings orapw]\[ZORACLE Remote Password fileHSJFINTERNALAB27B53EDC5FEF418A8F025737A9097A>EYGLEB726E09FE21F8E83
注意此時可以增加SYSDBA用戶，並且這些信息可以被寫入到口令文件.
一旦口令文件中增加了其他SYSDBA用戶,此文件不再能夠被其他Exclusive的實例共享.
實際上，口令文件對於其他用戶來說就是啟到了一個 sudo 的作用.
6.重建口令文件
如果口令文件丟失,可以使用orapwd可以重建口令文件，語法如下:
[oracle@jumper oracle]$ orapwdUsage: orapwd file=<fname> password=<password> entries=<users>
wherefile - name of password file (mand),password - password for SYS (mand),entries - maximum number of distinct DBA and OPERs (opt), There are no spaces around the equal-to (=) character.
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